I recently stumbled upon this paper. It compares 4 "hunter-gatherer" groups with one agricultural group. There's no electricity/water in any of the groups, including the agricultural group. The main difference lies in leptin levels, insulin, body fat, etc. Yuwientsa is the agricultural group.

In contrast, women from Yuwientsa had a higher amount of body fat, an increased percentage of body fat, and a higher body fat mass/LBM ratio than women from the other communities. Furthermore, concentrations of fasting triglycerides, leptin, and insulin were higher in women from Yuwientsa. As an indicator of peripheral insulin resistance, the HOMA values were higher in the Yuwientsa group. Across the entire study population, leptin correlated to insulin (r = 0.28; P = .035), HOMA (r = 0.27; P = .040), and percent body fat (r = 0.55, P < .001).

If you review the paper you can see that the leptin levels for the traditional groups was incredibly low, at least when compared to the leptin levels of western societies. I looked back to the numbers in the Kitava study (do a little searching yourself) and here is what I got:

(remember females have a high leptin level)
Female Kitavans: 4.9 ng/mL
Female Shuar (traditional group): 4.9 ng/mL

Yeah, exactly the same. I would bet that if males were examined in the Shuar population they had leptin levels of around 1.5 ng/mL (same as Kitavan males).

The paper is really lacking on the diet of the Shuar people. They do not mention specifically what they eat or macro-ratio. Here is their description:

Thereafter, this community [(non-traditional Yuwientsa)] has transformed into a more agricultural community, whereas the 4 other villages that are smaller have retained the traditional household-focused economy that embraces a mixed strategy of hunting, fishing, horticulture, and gathering.[14] Game in the vicinity of established human settlements in Amazon Basin is extremely scarce. [15] Hunters in Yuwientsa had to go 8 to 10 hours to hunt larger animals, such as deer and wild pork (peccary).

This doesn't really say what they are eating, something I would really like to know. The traditional groups do farm (horticulture) but it doesn't say what (I would guess tubers and plantains because of the location). It also doesn't specify what percentage of their diet comes from horticulture. The difference between the diet of the traditional and agriculture group is also not explained. I would guess the main difference is in animal products since wild game is not frequent in Yuwientsa. It would be interesting to know if the agricultural group farms something high in lectins which could explain the leptin levels, or if it because of the % of animal product. What do you guys think? Remember that the leptin levels are really similar that those in Kitava.

Traditional versus agricultural lifestyle among Shuar women of the Ecuadorian Amazon: Effects on leptin levels*1
Metabolism, Volume 53, Issue 10, Pages 1355-1358
F.Lindgärde, I.Widén, M.Gebb, B.Ahrén

link: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0026049504002082